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  - Ideally, the questionnaire is developed in three phases (develop, test & pilot, update and implement the final survey). The data questionnaire brief outlines the key challenges and findings that may be useful for others when developing their own questionnaires.

 - There are different techniques that can be used to determine the sample for the fieldwork and the method of the data collection. These are outlined with the experiences from EMPOWER in the note on sampling.

 - Enumerators were recruited and they took part in a short training session to familiarise themselves with the project, and the questions, reporting back to the supervisors (and other protocols), and asking questions of clarification prior to going out into the field. In the case of EMPOWER, it was also used to test the two data collection methods (paper and tablet) and to ensure that the translations were appropriate.

Download Sample Enumerator Recruitment and Training Note

Locations and accreditations for field work

 - Local knowledge is useful for identifying suitable locations for the surveys and obtaining the correct approvals to conduct the surveys.

- The questionnaire was tested in the field with a small sample and also in the enumerator training. In addition, the sensitivity of the interviewees to the gender of the enumerator was tested. In each city in one location female enumerators intercepted women and men, while men could only interview men. At an alternative location, male and female enumerators interviewed both men and women (i.e., random/mixed). The enumerators randomly approached potential respondents and requested if they could answer questions from the questionnaire. If they responded positively the interview would continue, otherwise, the interview would not be conducted, and the enumerator would approach another traveller. Refusals were also documented. In the majority of cases, no one was more or less uncomfortable being interviewed by either male or female enumerators.

  - The sample questionnaires were approved by the ethics committee of the University of Cape Town. Local ethics committees can be used. Only able-bodied men and women over 18 were interviewed as we were not looking to investigate if people with disabilities were more or less targeted for sexual harassment. All interviewees were asked to confirm if they were over 18 years old prior to starting any interview, if not the interview did not proceed. Special procedures should be adhered to if people under 18 years old are to be interviewed (this can be checked and based on international best practices).

Download Ethical Considerations for the Field Work and Focus Groups

 - Analysis of the results needs to be gender-sensitive with male and female replies to the same question compared. This gives insights into differences in perspectives between men and women, cultural norms, and bias. Our key findings were: 

Data Collection - Passenger Surveys

A Focus Group Discussion is a research method that brings together 8-12 people to discuss specific topics. Focus group discussions provide qualitative information to complement the quantitative data. Based on the experience of EMPOWER, quantitative (survey) and qualitative (from FGD and key informant interviews) data collection was collected and both are considered to be crucial to our findings.

Planning, recruitment and logistics of focus groups - 

A note has been prepared to guide the recruitment of the facilitator and hints at the planning and logistics aspects.

Download Notes for the Recruitment and Logistics of Focus Groups

- A trained moderator leads a 30-90-minute discussion that is designed to collect and provide personal experiences and views in greater detail than is possible from a survey.  

Download Example Focus Group Facilitation Guide

Gathering more in-depth information from key informants

 - It is also important to gather information about the local context and this can be done via a selection of interviews with key stakeholders. 

Data Collection - Focus Group Discussions

Develop a long list of potential stakeholders that have power and interest over SH in public transport. Consideration should be given to public, private, and third sectors; local, national, and international levels; policy, and operational levels. Please refer to the stakeholder mapping process download.

For each stakeholder list their roles and responsibilities for management and operations of public transport and informal transport systems. Identify governance structures and where existing lines of reporting exist, or where there are no formal working relationships

Download Example of Cross-Sector Stakeholder Roles

Policies and strategies already in place - 

What local, regional, and national policies and strategies are already in place which set the framework and objectives? 

 - Then using the stakeholder mapping matrix, rank them in terms of power and interest to identify those who are the most important to engage with.  Please refer to the stakeholder mapping process download

Stakeholder Mapping

Shortlisted stakeholders invited to a workshop

Brief stakeholders on findings from data collection and increase awareness and ownership of the issue

Download Sample Workshop Agenda, Objectives and Briefing Paper

Stakeholder Workshops

 – Collecting data on sexual harassment is not straightforward but our findings can be adapted to most African contexts. The following download shows our recommended process.

 – A short analysis of the main findings from the data collection can be downloaded. 

SHE CAN Tool

Data Collection

Data Collection - Passenger Surveys+

Data Collection - Focus Group Discussions+

Stakeholder Mapping+

Stakeholder Workshops+

EMPOWER Data Collection Findings+